Claroideoglomus etunicatum

(reference accession NE108A)

Whole Spores

white immature tan intermediate orange brown mature spheres — Sequential changes in appearance of spores during development.

mature with surface deberis fuzzed spheres — From stored inocula (note surface debris)

Size distribution graph longer left tail

COLOR: Orange (0-10-90-5) to red brown(0-60-100-0).

SHAPE: Globose, subglobose.

SIZE DISTRIBUTION: 60-160 µm, mean = 129 µm (n = 120).

Subcellular Structure of Spores

SPORE WALL: Consisting of two layers (L1 and L2) that differentiate consecutively as spores develop. Initially, only L1 is present in both the spore and subtending hyphal wall. L2 begins as a single layer and then thickens with formation of additional sublayers of the same phenotypic properties.

Sequential stages in differentiation of the spore wall, from left to right. All spores mounted in Melzer’s reagent

L1: An outer layer; mucilagenous (having some plasticity with uneven outer surface); staining pink (0-60-30-10) to reddish purple (20-80-60-0) in Melzer’s reagent; 0.6-2.8 µm thick in young spores. This layer degrades and sloughs as spores age, so that it may be present in patches (usually detected in Melzer’s reagent) or appear as a granular layer. This layer appears to be a substrate for bacteria, and spores will acquire a distinct halo when stored in tap water several days at room temperature and several weeks in a refrigerator.

L2: A layer consisting of thin adherent sublayers (or laminae), light orange-brown (0-20-60-0) to red-brown (0-40-100-10) in color; 4.4-6.4 µm thick (mean of 5.3 µm). Sublayers in the region of the subtending hypha sometimes thicken to 7.6 µm.

In PVLG

Spores mounted in PVLG and Melzer’s reagent (1:1 v/v)

Subtending Hypha

SHAPE: Cylindrical to slightly flared (see photos above).

WIDTH: 5-10.2 µm (mean = 7.9 µm).

COMPOSITE WALL THICKNESS: < 1-2 µm.

WALL STRUCTURE: Two layers (L1 and L2) continuous with the two layers of the spore wall.

L1: The outer layer, usually present only near point of attachment of mature spores; always present on juvenile hyphae attached to juvenile spores. L2: Although is layer is continuous with L2 of the spore wall, it is pale yellow (0-0-10-0) to pale orange (0-0-20-0) from the region of attachment to the spore.

OCCLUSION: Innermost sublayer of the laminate layer of the spore wall; in some spores, this bridging structure resembles a septum (see photos above).

Germination

A germ tube emerges from the lumen of the subtending hypha.

Mycorrhizae

Numerous arbuscules and vesicles produced within the first eight weeks of culture on sudangrass. Hyphae form long infection units with hyphae interconnected by perpendicular branches (“H” or “h” connections). Stain darkly in trypan blue.

Arbuscules in corn roots

All mycorrhizal structures in corn roots

Notes

Young spores are white, changing to a tan color (0-20-60-0) as the laminate layer (L2) of the spore wall thickens and finally to the mature state (see above). This species is one of the most common found throughout the world, based on the number and distribution of accessions in INVAM (from tundra of Alaska to deserts of Namibia).

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